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Danilevsky was a leading figure in the European arena in the revision of dominant Eurocentric perceptions of the world.17 He was, however, also spatial constructions of europe part of a broader trend to which orientalist scholars in Germany, Austria and Russia contributed particularly significantly.18 One example of the emerging new vision was the incorporation of what used to be, from a European perspective, one of the main parts of 'the Orient', the Near East, into 'the West' in the writings of orientalist scholars.
The Russian military officer and eminent orientalist scholar Veniukov depicted the creation of the Russian Empire as an 'organic' and 'natural' growth, while arguing that 'English colonisation ... was accompanied by the bloody destruction of whole races and the enslavement of many millions of people.'
According to this view, western governments fully appreciated the fact that 'knowledge is power', something the tsarist government consistently refused to under- stand.70 While in the 1870s a leading Russian orientalist scholar with liberal political views could assert that among the peoples of Central Asia and India comparisons between Russia and Britain 'always turn out to be unfavourable to Britain',71 by the beginning of the twentieth century, in the context of the growing domestic criticism of Russia's imperial policies, a veteran imperial administrator in Central Asia argued that '[t]hose [Central Asians] who had visited western Europe spoke ... about the grandeur and good order of European cities, about the prosperity and high cultural levels of the countries they had seen; about how much Russia, while being larger, but relatively poor and little cultured, was in fact lagging behind'.72 In turn, whereas the British had managed fully to transform their colonies in North America and Australia into Europe, both politically and culturally, Russians, because of their cultural backwardness, had not achieved the same level of success even in Siberia, argued Iadrintsev, a leader of the Siberian regionalist movement (oblastnichestvo).73
Thus, a leading Russian orientalist scholar, Grigorev, argued in 1876 that 'the current western and eastern Turkestan was in antiquity ... populated by a people physiologically different from the Turkic people, by a people who for various reasons one should recognise as Aryan'.
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